REVIEW PAPER
Genetic predisposition to breast and/or ovarian cancer – focus on the candidate BARD1 gene
 
More details
Hide details
 
Publication date: 2015-10-06
 
 
BioTechnologia 2014;95(3):203-214
 
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Germline mutations affecting the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes explain 16-40% of breast and/or ovarian cancers aggregated
in families. Besides the BRCA1/2 genes and several genetic factors associated with hereditary syndromes
which increase the risk of breast cancer, a considerable fraction of potential breast cancer predisposing
factors (-50%) remains unknown. It is presumed that candidate genes, functionally related to the BRCA1/2 genes,
may account for some of the missing heritability. The BARD1 gene, which encodes a protein indispensable for
BRCA1-mediated tumor suppression function and adequate apoptosis regulation, serves as a candidate breast
cancer susceptibility gene. Some initial reports indicated that BARD1 is a plausible target for several pathogenic
mutations associated with increased breast and/or ovarian cancer risk. Nonetheless, further mutational studies
are necessary to determine the penetrance and role of the BARD1 gene in cancer predisposition.
REFERENCES (88)
1.
Baer R., Ludwig T. (2002) The BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer, a tumor suppressor complex with ubiquitin E3 ligase activity. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 12: 86-91.
 
2.
Beggs A.D., Hodgson S.V. (2009) Genomics and breast cancer:the different levels of inherited susceptibility. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 17: 855-856.
 
3.
Berx G., Staes K., van Hengel J., Molemans F., Bussemakers M.J., van Bokhoven A., van Roy F. (1995) Cloning and characterization of the human invasion suppressor gene E-cadherin (CDH1). Genomics 26: 281-289.
 
4.
Brozek I., Cybulska C., Ratajska M., Piatkowska M., Kluska A., Balabas A., Dabrowska M., Nowakowska D., Niwinska A., Pamula-Pilat J. et al. (2011) Prevalence of the most frequent BRCA1 mutations in Polish population. J. Appl. Genet. 52: 325-330.
 
5.
Castera L., Krieger S., Rousselin A., Legros A., Baumann J.J., Bruet O., Brault B., Fouillet R., Goardon N., Letac O. et al. (2014) Next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer using genomic capture targeting multiple candidate genes. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 22: 1305-1313.
 
6.
Chen A., Kleiman F.E., Manley J.L., Ouchi T., Pan Z.Q. (2002) Autoubiquitination of the BRCA1*BARD1 RING ubiquitin ligase. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 22085-22092.
 
7.
Churpek J.E., Walsh T., Zheng Y., Moton Z., Thornton A.M., Lee M.K., Casadei S., Watts A., Neistadt B., Churpek M.M. et al. (2015) Inherited predisposition to breast cancer among African American women. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 149: 31-39.
 
8.
Couch F.J., Hart S.N., Sharma P., Toland A.E., Wang X., Miron P., Olson J.E., Godwin A.K., Pankratz V.S., Olswold C. et al. (2015) Inherited mutations in 17 breast cancer susceptibility genes among a large triple-negative breast cancer cohort unselected for family history of breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 33: 304-311.
 
9.
Cybulski C., Lubinski J., Wokolorczyk D., Kuzniak W., Kashyap A., Sopik V., Huzarski T., Gronwald J., Byrski T., Szwiec M. et al. (2014) Mutations predisposing to breast cancer in 12 candidate genes in breast cancer patients from Poland. Clin. Genet. [Epub ahead of print].
 
10.
Cybulski C., Carrot-Zhang J., Kluzniak W., Rivera B., Kashyap A., Wokolorczyk D., Giroux S., Nadaf J., Hamel N., Zhang S. et al. (2015) Germline RECQL mutations are associated with breast cancer susceptibility. Nat. Genet. 47: 643- 646.
 
11.
De Brakeleer S., De Greve J., Loris R., Janin N., Lissens W., Sermijn E., Teugels E. (2010) Cancer predisposing missense and protein truncating BARD1 mutations in non- BRCA1 or BRCA2 breast cancer families. Hum. Mutat. 31: E1175-1185.
 
12.
Ellis C.N. (2011) Obtaining and using genetic information. In: Inherited Cancer Syndromes. Current Clinical Management. Ed. Ellis C.N., New York: Springer-Verlag: 1-4.
 
13.
Ferla R., Calo V., Cascio S., Rinaldi G., Badalamenti G., Carreca I., Surmacz E., Colucci G., Bazan V., Russo A. (2007) Founder mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Ann. Oncol. 18 Suppl 6: vi93-98. Foulkes W.D. (2008) Inherited susceptibility to common cancers. N. Engl. J. Med. 359: 2143-2153.
 
14.
Garber J.E., Goldstein A.M., Kantor A.F., Dreyfus M.G., Fraumeni J.F., Jr., Li F.P. (1991) Follow-up study of twentyfour families with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Cancer Res. 51: 6094-6097.
 
15.
Ghimenti C., Sensi E., Presciuttini S., Brunetti I.M., Conte P., Bevilacqua G., Caligo M.A. (2002) Germline mutations of the BRCA1-associated ring domain (BARD1) gene in breast and breast/ovarian families negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 alterations. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 33: 235- 242.
 
16.
Gorringe K.L., Choong D.Y., Visvader J.E., Lindeman G.J., Campbell I.G. (2008) BARD1 variants are not associated with breast cancer risk in Australian familial breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 111: 505-509.
 
17.
Gorski B., Byrski T., Huzarski T., Jakubowska A., Menkiszak J., Gronwald J., Pluzanska A., Bebenek M., Fischer-Maliszewska L., Grzybowska E. et al. (2000) Founder mutations in the BRCA1 gene in Polish families with breastovarian cancer. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 66: 1963-1968.
 
18.
Gorski B., Jakubowska A., Huzarski T., Byrski T., Gronwald J., Grzybowska E., Mackiewicz A., Stawicka M., Bebenek M., Sorokin D. et al. (2004) A high proportion of founder BRCA1 mutations in Polish breast cancer families. Int. J. Cancer 110: 683-686.
 
19.
Grzybowska E., Zientek H., Jasinska A., Rusin M., Kozlowski P., Sobczak K., Sikorska A., Kwiatkowska E., Gorniak L., Kalinowska E. et al. (2000) High frequency of recurrent mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in Polish families with breast and ovarian cancer. Hum. Mutat. 16: 482-490.
 
20.
Hankinson S.E., Colditz G.A., Willett W.C. (2004) Towards anintegrated model for breast cancer etiology - The lifelong interplay of genes, lifestyle, and hormones. Breast Cancer Res. 6: 213-218.
 
21.
Hansen T., Jonson L., Albrechtsen A., Andersen M.K., Ejlertsen B., Nielsen F.C. (2009) Large BRCA1 and BRCA2 genomic rearrangements in Danish high risk breast-ovarian cancer families. Breast Cancer Res .Treat. 115: 315-323.
 
22.
Hashizume R., Fukuda M., Maeda I., Nishikawa H., Oyake D., Yabuki Y., Ogata H., Ohta T. (2001) The RING heterodimer BRCA1-BARD1 is a ubiquitin ligase inactivated by a breast cancer-derived mutation. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 14537-14540.
 
23.
Heald B., Church J.M. (2011) Cancer and genetic counseling. In: Inherited Cancer Syndromes. Current Clinical Management. Ed. Ellis C.N., New York: Springer-Verlag: 23-29.
 
24.
Hemminki A., Markie D., Tomlinson I., Avizienyte E., Roth S., Loukola A., Bignell G., Warren W., Aminoff M., Hoglund P. et al. (1998) A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Nature 391: 184-187.
 
25.
Hoeijmakers J.H. (2001) Genome maintenance mechanisms for preventing cancer. Nature 411: 366-374. Huo X., Hu Z., Zhai X., Wang Y., Wang S., Wang X., Qin J., Chen W., Jin G., Liu J. et al. (2007) Common non-synonymous polymorphisms in the BRCA1 Associated RING Domain (BARD1) gene are associated with breast cancer susceptibility: a case-control analysis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 102: 329-337.
 
26.
Irminger-Finger I., Soriano J.V., Vaudan G., Montesano R., Sappino A.P. (1998) In vitro repression of BRCA1-associated RING domain gene, Bard1, induces phenotypic changes in mammary epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 143: 1329-1339.
 
27.
Irminger-Finger I., Leung W.C., Li J., Dubois-Dauphin M., Harb J., Feki A., Jefford C.E., Soriano J.V., Jaconi M., Montesano R. et al. (2001) Identification of BARD1 as mediator between proapoptotic stress and p53-dependent apoptosis. Mol. Cell 8: 1255-1266.
 
28.
Irminger-Finger I., Jefford C.E. (2006) Is there more to BARD1 than BRCA1? Nat. Rev. Cancer 6: 382-391.
 
29.
Irminger-Finger I. (2010) BARD1, a possible biomarker for breast and ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 117: 211-215.
 
30.
Ishitobi M., Miyoshi Y., Hasegawa S., Egawa C., Tamaki Y., Monden M., Noguchi S. (2003) Mutational analysis of BARD1 in familial breast cancer patients in Japan. Cancer Lett. 200: 1-7.
 
31.
Jakubowska A., Cybulski C., Szymanska A., Huzarski T., Byrski T., Gronwald J., Debniak T., Gorski B., Kowalska E., Narod S.A. et al. (2008) BARD1 and breast cancer in Poland. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 107: 119-122. Johnatty S.E., Beesley J., Chen X., Hopper J.L., Southey M.C., Giles G.G., Goldgar D.E., Chenevix-Trench G., Spurdle A.B., Australian Ovarian Cancer Study G. et al. (2009) The BARD1 Cys557Ser polymorphism and breast cancer risk: an Australian case-control and family analysis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 115: 145-150.
 
32.
Karppinen S.M., Heikkinen K., Rapakko K., Winqvist R. (2004) Mutation screening of the BARD1 gene: evidence for involvement of the Cys557Ser allele in hereditary susceptibility to breast cancer. J. Med. Genet. 41: e114.
 
33.
Karppinen S.M., Barkardottir R.B., Backenhorn K., Sydenham T., Syrjakoski K., Schleutker J., Ikonen T., Pylkas K., Rapakko K., Erkko H. et al. (2006) Nordic collaborative study of the BARD1 Cys557Ser allele in 3956 patients with cancer: enrichment in familial BRCA1/BRCA2 mutationnegative breast cancer but not in other malignancies. J. Med. Genet. 43: 856-862.
 
34.
Khanna K.K. (2000) Cancer risk and the ATM gene: a continuing debate. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92: 795-802.
 
35.
Klonowska K., Ratajska M., Czubak K., Kuzniacka A., Brozek I., Koczkowska M., Sniadecki M., Debniak J., Wydra D., Balut M. et al. (2015) Analysis of large mutations in BARD1 in patients with breast and/or ovarian cancer: the Polish population as an example. Sci. Rep. 5: 10424.
 
36.
Lichtenstein P., Holm N.V., Verkasalo P.K., Iliadou A., Kaprio J., Koskenvuo M., Pukkala E., Skytthe A., Hemminki K. (2000) Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer--analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N. Engl. J. Med. 343: 78-85.
 
37.
Lim W., Olschwang S., Keller J.J., Westerman A.M., Menko F.H., Boardman L.A., Scott R.J., Trimbath J., Giardiello F.M., Gruber S.B. et al. (2004) Relative frequency and morphology of cancers in STK11 mutation carriers. Gastroenterology 126: 1788-1794.
 
38.
Long J., Delahanty R.J., Li G., Gao Y.T., Lu W., Cai Q., Xiang Y.B., Li C., Ji B.T., Zheng Y. et al. (2013) A common deletion in the APOBEC3 genes and breast cancer risk. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 105: 573-579.
 
39.
Lux M.P., Fasching P.A., Beckmann M.W. (2006) Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer: review and future perspectives. J. Mol. Med. (Berl) 84: 16-28.
 
40.
Lynch H.T., Casey M.J., Snyder C.L., Bewtra C., Lynch J.F., Butts M., Godwin A.K. (2009) Hereditary ovarian carcinoma: heterogeneity, molecular genetics, pathology, and management. Mol. Oncol. 3: 97-137.
 
41.
Manolio T.A., Collins F.S., Cox N.J., Goldstein D.B., Hindorff L.A., Hunter D.J., McCarthy M.I., Ramos E.M., Cardon L.R., Chakravarti A. et al. (2009) Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature 461: 747-753.
 
42.
Masciari S., Dillon D.A., Rath M., Robson M., Weitzel J.N., Balmana J., Gruber S.B., Ford J.M., Euhus D., Lebensohn A. et al. (2012) Breast cancer phenotype in women with TP53 germline mutations: a Li-Fraumeni syndrome consortium effort. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 133: 1125-1130.
 
43.
Mathew C.G. (2006) Fanconi anaemia genes and susceptibility to cancer. Oncogene 25: 5875-5884.
 
44.
Matsuura S., Tauchi H., Nakamura A., Kondo N., Sakamoto S., Endo S., Smeets D., Solder B., Belohradsky B.H., Der Kaloustian V.M. et al. (1998) Positional cloning of the gene for Nijmegen breakage syndrome. Nat. Genet. 19: 179- 181.
 
45.
McCarthy E.E., Celebi J.T., Baer R., Ludwig T. (2003) Loss of Bard1, the heterodimeric partner of the Brca1 tumor suppressor, results in early embryonic lethality and chromosomal instability. Mol. Cell Biol. 23: 5056-5063.
 
46.
Meza J.E., Brzovic P.S., King M.C., Klevit R.E. (1999) Mapping the functional domains of BRCA1. Interaction of the ring finger domains of BRCA1 and BARD1. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 5659-5665.
 
47.
Michailidou K., Hall P., Gonzalez-Neira A., Ghoussaini M., Dennis J., Milne R.L., Schmidt M.K., Chang-Claude J., Bojesen S.E., Bolla M.K. et al. (2013) Large-scale genotyping identifies 41 new loci associated with breast cancer risk. Nat. Genet. 45: 353-361, 361e351-352.
 
48.
Miki Y., Swensen J., Shattuck-Eidens D., Futreal P.A., Harshman K., Tavtigian S., Liu Q., Cochran C., Bennett L.M., Ding W. et al. (1994) A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science 266: 66-71.
 
49.
Morris J.R., Solomon E. (2004) BRCA1 : BARD1 induces the formation of conjugated ubiquitin structures, dependent on K6 of ubiquitin, in cells during DNA replication and repair. Hum. Mol. Genet. 13: 807-817.
 
50.
Nagy R., Sweet K., Eng C. (2004) Highly penetrant hereditary cancer syndromes. Oncogene 23: 6445-6470.
 
51.
Narod S.A., Foulkes W.D. (2004) BRCA1 and BRCA2: 1994 and beyond. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4: 665-676.
 
52.
Neuhausen S., Gilewski T., Norton L., Tran T., McGuire P., Swensen J., Hampel H., Borgen P., Brown K., Skolnick M. et al. (1996) Recurrent BRCA2 6174delT mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish women affected by breast cancer. Nat. Genet. 13: 126-128.
 
53.
Pennington K.P., Walsh T., Harrell M.I., Lee M.K., Pennil C.C., Rendi M.H., Thornton A., Norquist B.M., Casadei S., Nord A.S. et al. (2014) Germline and somatic mutations in homologous recombination genes predict platinum response and survival in ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal carcinomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 20: 764-775.
 
54.
Permuth-Wey J., Sellers T.A. (2009) Epidemiology of ovarian cancer. Methods Mol. Biol. 472: 413-437.
 
55.
Pharoah P.D., Guilford P., Caldas C., International Gastric Cancer Linkage C. (2001) Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families. Gastroenterology 121: 1348-1353.
 
56.
Pinheiro H., Bordeira-Carrico R., Seixas S., Carvalho J., Senz J., Oliveira P., Inacio P., Gusmao L., Rocha J., Huntsman D. et al. (2010) Allele-specific CDH1 downregulation and hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet. 19: 943-952.
 
57.
Ratajska M., Brozek I., Senkus-Konefka E., Jassem J., Stepnowska M., Palomba G., Pisano M., Casula M., Palmieri G., Borg A. et al. (2008) BRCA1 and BRCA2 point mutations and large rearrangements in breast and ovarian cancer families in Northern Poland. Oncol. Rep. 19: 263-268.
 
58.
Ratajska M., Antoszewska E., Piskorz A., Brozek I., Borg A., Kusmierek H., Biernat W., Limon J. (2012) Cancer predisposing BARD1 mutations in breast-ovarian cancer families. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 131: 89-97.
 
59.
Ratajska M., Matusiak M., Kuzniacka A., Wasag B., Brozek I., Biernat W., Koczkowska M., Debniak J., Sniadecki M., Kozlowski P. et al. (2015) Cancer predisposing BARD1 mutations affect exon skipping and are associated with overexpression of specific BARD1 isoforms. Oncol. Rep. in press.
 
60.
Ripperger T., Gadzicki D., Meindl A., Schlegelberger B. (2009) Breast cancer susceptibility: current knowledge and implications for genetic counselling. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 17: 722-731.
 
61.
Roa B.B., Boyd A.A., Volcik K., Richards C.S. (1996) Ashkenazi Jewish population frequencies for common mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Nat. Genet. 14: 185-187.
 
62.
Rouleau E., Jesson B., Briaux A., Nogues C., Chabaud V., Demange L., Sokolowska J., Coulet F., Barouk-Simonet E. Bignon Y.J. et al. (2012) Rare germline large rearrangements in the BRCA1/2 genes and eight candidate genes in 472 patients with breast cancer predisposition. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 133: 1179-1190.
 
63.
Roy R., Chun J., Powell S.N. (2012) BRCA1 and BRCA2: different roles in a common pathway of genome protection. Nat. Rev. Cancer 12: 68-78.
 
64.
Ruffner H., Joazeiro C.A., Hemmati D., Hunter T., Verma I.M. (2001) Cancer-predisposing mutations within the RING domain of BRCA1: loss of ubiquitin protein ligase activity and protection from radiation hypersensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 98: 5134-5139.
 
65.
Ryser S., Dizin E., Jefford C.E., Delaval B., Gagos S., Christodoulidou A., Krause K.H., Birnbaum D., Irminger-Finger I. (2009) Distinct roles of BARD1 isoforms in mitosis: fulllength BARD1 mediates Aurora B degradation, cancerassociated BARD1beta scaffolds Aurora B and BRCA2. Cancer Res. 69: 1125-1134.
 
66.
Sabatier R., Adelaide J., Finetti P., Ferrari A., Huiart L., Sobol H., Chaffanet M., Birnbaum D., Bertucci F. (2010) BARD1 homozygous deletion, a possible alternative to BRCA1 mutation in basal breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 49: 1143-1151.
 
67.
Sauer M.K., Andrulis I.L. (2005) Identification and characterization of missense alterations in the BRCA1 associated RING domain (BARD1) gene in breast and ovarian cancer. J. Med. Genet. 42: 633-638.
 
68.
Savitsky K., Bar-Shira A., Gilad S., Rotman G., Ziv Y., Vanagaite L., Tagle D.A., Smith S., Uziel T., Sfez S. et al. (1995) A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase. Science 268: 1749-1753.
 
69.
Shabbeer S., Omer D., Berneman D., Weitzman O., Alpaugh A., Pietraszkiewicz A., Metsuyanim S., Shainskaya A., Papa M.Z., Yarden R.I. (2013) BRCA1 targets G2/M cell cycle proteins for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Oncogene 32: 5005-5016.
 
70.
Sluiter M.D., van Rensburg E.J. (2011) Large genomic rearrangements of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes: review of the literature and report of a novel BRCA1 mutation. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 125: 325-349.
 
71.
Sobczak K., Kozlowski P., Napierala M., Czarny J., Wozniak M., Kapuscinska M., Losko M., Koziczak M., Jasinska A., Powierska J. et al. (1997) Novel BRCA1 mutations and more frequent intron-20 alteration found among 236 women from Western Poland. Oncogene 15: 1773-1779.
 
72.
Spurdle A.B., Marquart L., McGuffog L., Healey S., Sinilnikova O., Wan F., Chen X., Beesley J., Singer C.F., Dressler A.C. et al. (2011) Common genetic variation at BARD1 is not associated with breast cancer risk in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 20: 1032-1038.
 
73.
Stacey S.N., Sulem P., Johannsson O.T., Helgason A., Gudmundsson J., Kostic J.P., Kristjansson K., Jonsdottir T., Sigurdsson H., Hrafnkelsson J. et al. (2006) The BARD1 Cys557Ser variant and breast cancer risk in Iceland. PLoS Med. 3: e217.
 
74.
Starita L.M., Machida Y., Sankaran S., Elias J.E., Griffin K., Schlegel B.P., Gygi S.P., Parvin J.D. (2004) BRCA1-dependent ubiquitination of gamma-tubulin regulates centrosome number. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24: 8457-8466.
 
75.
Steffen J., Varon R., Mosor M., Maneva G., Maurer M., Stumm M., Nowakowska D., Rubach M., Kosakowska E., Ruka W. et al. (2004) Increased cancer risk of heterozygotes with NBS1 germline mutations in Poland. Int. J. Cancer 111: 67-71.
 
76.
Struewing J.P., Abeliovich D., Peretz T., Avishai N., Kaback M.M., Collins F.S., Brody L.C. (1995) The carrier frequency of the BRCA1 185delAG mutation is approximately 1 percent in Ashkenazi Jewish individuals. Nat. Genet. 11: 198-200.
 
77.
Tan M.H., Mester J.L., Ngeow J., Rybicki L.A., Orloff M.S., Eng C. (2012) Lifetime cancer risks in individuals with germline PTEN mutations. Clin. Cancer Res. 18: 400-407.
 
78.
Thai T.H., Du F., Tsan J.T., Jin Y., Phung A., Spillman M.A., Massa H.F., Muller C.Y., Ashfaq R., Mathis J.M. et al. (1998) Mutations in the BRCA1-associated RING domain (BARD1) gene in primary breast, ovarian and uterine cancers. Hum. Mol. Genet. 7: 195-202.
 
79.
Thompson D., Easton D. (2004) The genetic epidemiology of breast cancer genes. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 9: 221-236.
 
80.
Thorlacius S., Olafsdottir G., Tryggvadottir L., Neuhausen S., Jonasson J.G., Tavtigian S.V., Tulinius H., Ogmundsdottir H.M., Eyfjord J.E. (1996) A single BRCA2 mutation in male and female breast cancer families from Iceland with varied cancer phenotypes. Nat. Genet. 13: 117-119.
 
81.
Vahteristo P., Syrjakoski K., Heikkinen T., Eerola H., Aittomaki K., von Smitten K., Holli K., Blomqvist C., Kallioniemi O.P., Nevanlinna H. (2006) BARD1 variants Cys557Ser and Val507Met in breast cancer predisposition. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 14: 167-172. van der Groep P., van der Wall E., van Diest P.J. (2011) Pathology of hereditary breast cancer. Cell Oncol. (Dordr) 34: 71-88.
 
82.
Walsh T., King M.C. (2007) Ten genes for inherited breast cancer. Cancer Cell 11: 103-105.
 
83.
Walsh T., Casadei S., Lee M.K., Pennil C.C., Nord A.S., Thornton A.M., Roeb W., Agnew K.J., Stray S.M., Wickramanayake A. et al. (2011) Mutations in 12 genes for inherited ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal carcinoma identified by massively parallel sequencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 108: 18032-18037.
 
84.
Wooster R., Bignell G., Lancaster J., Swift S., Seal S., Mangion J., Collins N., Gregory S., Gumbs C., Micklem G. (1995) Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Nature 378: 789-792.
 
85.
Wooster R., Weber B.L. (2003) Breast and ovarian cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 348: 2339-2347.
 
86.
Wu L.C., Wang Z.W., Tsan J.T., Spillman M.A., Phung A., Xu X.L., Yang M.C., Hwang L.Y., Bowcock A.M., Baer R. (1996) Identification of a RING protein that can interact in vivo with the BRCA1 gene product. Nat. Genet. 14: 430-440.
 
87.
Youlden D.R., Cramb S.M., Dunn N.A., Muller J.M., Pyke C.M., Baade P.D. (2012) The descriptive epidemiology of female breast cancer: an international comparison of screening, incidence, survival and mortality. Cancer Epidemiol.
 
88.
36: 237-248.
 
eISSN:2353-9461
ISSN:0860-7796
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top